Eighteen-year-old Reds draft pick Mason Felt is driving with his father when their truck flips.
هجده ساله قرمزها پیش نویس انتخاب میسون احساس رانندگی با پدرش هنگامی که کامیون خود را به پایین بپرد.
The "Lord of the Rings" prequel debuts bigger than any of the previous films or any December
release ever
سوابق شکسته هابیت
"ارباب حلقه ها" prequel آغاز بکار بزرگتر از هر کدام از فیلم های قبلی یا هر گونه انتشار ژانویه تا کنون
The potential key to shooting investigation
کلید بالقوه به بررسی تیراندازی
Murder suspect Adam Lanza reportedly occupied two bedrooms in his family's sprawling home.
قتل به گمان بنا به گزارش های اشغالی دو اتاق خواب آدم لانزا در منزل آلاینده خانواده اش است.
مالی
The president and House speaker are working to forge a compromise, aides say.
رئیس جمهور و مجلس در حال تلاش برای ایجاد مصالحه می باشند، دستیاران می گویند.
(English = Farsi)
Sefr (13587 bytes)
Yek (10197 bytes)
Dow (7653 bytes)
Seh (12316 bytes)
Cha'har (12315 bytes)
Pang (9773 bytes)
Shesh (9773 bytes)
Haft (11468 bytes)
Hasht (11892 bytes)
Noh (10621 bytes)
Dah (6806 bytes)
Yaz'dah (11044 bytes)
Da'vaz'dah (13164 bytes)
Siz'dah (12740 bytes)
Char'dah (13164 bytes)
Ponz'dah (15707 bytes)
Shonz'dah (10620 bytes)
Haf'dah (10197 bytes)
Heg'dah (11468 bytes)
Noz'dah (11892 bytes)
Beast (9348 bytes)
Beast'o'yek (14011 bytes)
See (7653 bytes)
Cha'hel (8501 bytes)
Panj'ah (11045 bytes)
Shast (11468 bytes)
Haf'tad (13587 bytes)
Hash'tad (12316 bytes)
Na'vad (10620 bytes)
Saad (9349 bytes)
Hezar (10620 bytes)
Milion
Cheh Sa'atee Asst? (17983 bytes)
7:13, Haft Va Siz'dah Da'ghi'gheh (22882 bytes)
3:15, Seh Va Ponz'dah Da'ghi'gheh (24515 bytes)
3:15, Yek'rob Ba'daz Seh (19072 bytes)
11:30, Yaz'dah Va Nim (17439 bytes)
11:30, Yaz'had Va Nim (19073 bytes)
1:45, Yek Va Che'hel Va Panj (30501 bytes)
1:45, Yek Rob Be'do (16896 bytes)
Rooz (8732 bytes)
Haf'teh (10364 bytes)
Mahh (15807 bytes)
Saal (11453 bytes)
Do Sham'beh (17440 bytes)
Seh Sham'beh (16351 bytes)
Cha'har Sham'beh (17984 bytes)
Panj Sham'beh (16895 bytes)
Jom'eh (11997 bytes)
Sham'beh (10909 bytes)
Yek Sham'beh (16352 bytes)
Jan'vee'eh (14174 bytes)
Feb'ree'eh (12542 bytes)
March (11453 bytes)
Av'reel (13086 bytes)
May (10909 bytes)
Ju'an (9276 bytes)
July (12542 bytes)
Au'gost (12541 bytes)
Sep'tambr (16895 bytes)
Oc'tobr (13630 bytes)
No'vambr (13630 bytes)
De'sambr (15262 bytes)
Ba'har (14718 bytes)
Ta'bes'tan (16896 bytes)
Pa'yez (11997 bytes)
Ze'mes'tan (15262 bytes)
Am'roz (11998 bytes)
Di'roz (11997 bytes)
Far'da (10909 bytes)
Ta'va'lod (14174 bytes)
Ta'va'lo'dat Mo'ba'rak (
(English = Farsi)
Chap (7089 bytes)
Rast (10413 bytes)
Mos'ta'ghim (14153 bytes)
Ba'la (9167 bytes)
Pa'een (8751 bytes)
Dour (7088 bytes)
Naz'dik (13322 bytes)
De'raz (11243 bytes)
Ko'tah (10413 bytes)
Na'gh'sheh (11244 bytes)
Rah'na'mayee Mo'sa'fe'rin
Ko'ja Ha'st ...? (13750 bytes)
Bi'lit Chand Ast? (17816 bytes)
Bi'lit (9175 bytes)
Yak Bi'lit Ba'ra'yee ... Mi'kha'ham. (37642 bytes)
Sho'ma Koja Mi'ra'vid? (22900 bytes)
Sho'ma Koja Zan'de'gi Mi'ko'nid? (30017 bytes)
Tran (8158 bytes)
Au'to'bus (13241 bytes)
Tran Zir Za'mi'ni (20357 bytes)
Fo'rod'gah (11207 bytes)
Ist'gah Tran (18325 bytes)
Ist'gah Au'to'bus (22391 bytes)
Ist'gah Tran Zir Za'mi'ni (27474 bytes)
Khoroj (9683 bytes)
Vo'rod (9682 bytes)
Mar'ka'zaee Kr'ay'eh Ma'shin (26966 bytes)
Parking (11208 bytes)
Hotel (11208 bytes)
O'tagh (9174 bytes)
Reserv (11208 bytes)
Ja Kha'li Ba'ra'ye Am'shab Da'rid? (25950 bytes)
Ja Kha'li Nisst (16291 bytes)
Passport (13749 bytes
Ghay'mat Ea In Chand Asst? (24601 bytes)
In Chisst? (15437 bytes)
Man In Ra Mi'kha'ram. (15853 bytes)
Man Mi'kha'ham ... Ra Ba'kha'ram. (36264 bytes)
A'ya Sho'ma ... Da'rid? (24185 bytes)
A'ya Shoma Credit Card Gha'bol Mi'ko'nid? (33765 bytes)
Baz (10438 bytes)
Bas'teh (11687 bytes)
Cart'postal (15854 bytes)
Tamr (10438 bytes)
Yak Kam (11271 bytes)
Zi'yad (11687 bytes)
Ham'eh (9605 bytes)
Soph'ha'neh (12105 bytes)
Na'har (10854 bytes)
Sham (10438 bytes)
Sab'si'khar (17103 bytes)
Ka'sher (11688 bytes)
Ba'sal'a'ma'ti! (13770 bytes)
Lot'fan Hesabe Bi'a'va'rid. (20019 bytes)
Nan (8771 bytes)
No'shi'da'ni (13771 bytes)
Ghah'veh (10022 bytes)
Chayee (9605 bytes)
Ab'mi'veh (12521 bytes)
Ab (8772 bytes)
Ab'jo (12521 bytes)
Sha'rab (8772 bytes)
Na'mak (11688 bytes)
Fel'fel (11271 bytes)
Gosht (10854 bytes)
Goshtee Gav (16686 bytes)
Goshtee Khok (17936 bytes)
Ma'hi (9189 bytes)
Goshtee Morgh (16270 bytes)
Sab'zi (12104 bytes)
Mi'veh (10021 bytes)
Sib'za'mi'ni (16687 bytes)
Salad (16686 bytes)
De'ser (12938 bytes)
Bas'ta'ni
English = Farsi)
Ba'leh (5344 bytes)
Nah (4982 bytes)
Mo'teh'shaker'am (11753 bytes)
Khay'ly Mo'teh'shaker'am (15018 bytes)
Khosh A'ma'did, Kha'bel na'dah'reh (9940 bytes)
Kh'hesh Mi'ko'nam (13123 bytes)
Be'bak'shid Ma'ra (12513 bytes)
Sa'lam (8553 bytes)
Kho'da Ha'fez (15865 bytes)
Be omide didar (18836 bytes)
Sobh Beh'khayr (13123 bytes)
Roz Beh'khayr (16474 bytes)
Shab Beh'khayr (11600 bytes)
Kho'da Ha'fez (17084 bytes)
Man Ne'me'fah'mam. (17997 bytes)
In Beh [Farsi] Cheh Mi'shavad? (22872 bytes)
Aya Sho'ma ... Mi'da'nid? (30183 bytes)
En'ga'li'si (13428 bytes)
Fa'ran'seh (12210 bytes)
Al'ma'ni (10381 bytes)
Es'pan'ie'yo'li (14342 bytes)
Chi'ni (10077 bytes)
Man (10077 bytes)
Ma (7639 bytes)
Tou (7640 bytes)
Sho'ma (10687 bytes)
Sho'ma (10687 bytes)
Ish'an (11295 bytes)
Es'meh Sho'ma Chi'st? (19216 bytes)
Khosh'halam Az Di'dane Sho'ma. (21044 bytes)
Ha'le'tan Che'tor Asst? (20434 bytes)
Khob (7335 bytes)
Bad (8249 bytes)
Zan (10990 bytes)
Sho'har (13428 bytes)
dokh'tar (11905 bytes)
pe'saar (9468 bytes)
ma'dar (10077 bytes)
peh'dar (8553 bytes)
Ra'figh (10381 bytes)
Mos'ta'rah Ko'jast(20739 bytes.
persistent odor, that is obtained from a sac situated under the skin of the abdomen of the male musk deer, that when fresh in the pods is brown and unctuous and when dried is a grainy powder, that varies in quality according to the season and age of the animal, and that is used chiefly in the form of a tincture as a fixative in perfumes[230][231]
As Indo-European languages, English and Persian have many words of common Proto-Indo-European origin, and many of these [cognate] words often have similar forms. Examples of these include: English (Mother) and Persian (Mādar), English (Father) and Persian (Padar), English (Daughter) and Persian (Dokhtar), English (jungle) and Persian (jangal), English (Brother) and Persian (Barādar) and English (Name) and Persian (Nām). However, this article will be concerned with loanwords, that is, words in English that derive from Persian, either directly, or more often, from one or more intermediary languages.
Many words of Persian origin have made their way into the English language through different, often circuitous, routes. Some of them, such as "paradise", date to cultural contacts between the Persians and the ancient Greeks or Romans and through Greek and Latin found their way to English. Persian as the second important language of Islam has influenced many languages in the Muslim world, and its words have found their way beyond the Muslim world.
Persia remained largely impenetrable to English-speaking travelers well into the 19th century. Persia was protected from Europe by overland trade routes that passed through territory inhospitable to foreigners, while trade at Persian ports in the Persian Gulf was in the hands of locals. In contrast, intrepid English traders operated in Mediterranean seaports of the Levant from the 1570s, and some vocabulary describing features of Ottoman culture found their way into the English language. Thus many words in the list below, though originally from Persian, arrived in English through the intermediary of Ottoman Turkish language.
Many Persian words also came into English through Urdu during British colonialism. Persian was the language of the Mughal court before British rule in India even though locals in North India spoke Hindusthani.
Other words of Persian origin found their way into European languages— and eventually reached English at second-hand— through the Moorish-Christian cultural interface in the Iberian peninsula during the Middle Ages thus being transmitted through Arabic.
دستور غذایی یکجور کلوچه یاکماج دارچینی کاملا چسبناک
The secret to perfection is in the dough, which loses fluffiness without one key step, Chef Fabio says.
رمز تکمیل پیراشکی، که از دست می دهد
پف بدون یک گام کلیدی، آشپز فابیو می گو
مجرایاب خیابان | kennel | ||||||||||||
جوی | stream, gutter, cut, kennel, runnel, rush | ||||||||||||
کانال | channel, groove, cut, gullet, kennel | ||||||||||||
ناودان | downpipe, dale, flume, feeder, kennel, spout | ||||||||||||
مجرای کوچک | kennel, vale | ||||||||||||
kennel =لانه سگ یا روباه ------------------runnel
|
UK Services Barely Grow as Contraction Risk Looms
U.K. services growth unexpectedly slowed in November as demand fell for the first time in two years, increasing the chance the economy will shrink again this quarter.
خدمات انگلیس به خاطر خطر انقباض بافندگی به سختی رشد کرد
رشد خدمات انگلیس به طور غیر منتظره ای در ماه نوامبر آهسته به عنوان تقاضا برای اولین بار در دو سال کاهش یافت، افزایش شانس دوباره اقتصاد این سه ماهه کمتر و کوچکتر میشود
خانه بزرگراهی چینی 'تخریب شد
The house was bang in the middle of a new highway in China and traffic couldn't flow till it was demolished.
خانه درست در وسط یک بزرگراه جدید در چین بودو ترافیک نمی توانست جریان داشته باشد تا اینکه تخریب شد
Revolutionary Guards capture the drone while it was gathering information over the Gulf waters
سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی هواپیمای بدون سرنشین در حالی که آن را در حال جمع آوری اطلاعات بر روی آبهای خلیج فارس را گرفت
Some vehicles that got good ratings when they debuted don't hold up well.
قاچاقچی غیر قانونی زائر در عربستان جریمه شد
A man who smuggled pilgrims into Saudi Arabia during the Haj festival receives a hefty fine
مردی که زائران را به عربستان سعودی در طول جشنواره حج قاچاق میکرد جریمه سنگین دریافت کرد.
این درختها در جزیره ای در نزدیکی یمن است هنگامی که سوراخ شود رزین (صمغ شیره) قرمز خونی (به رنگ خون)چکه میکند
شانس صلح خاورمیانه رو به کاهش است؟
Israel announces a fiscal retaliation for Palestine's U.N. recognition as a state.
اسرائیل اعلام کرد اقدامات تلافی جویانه مالی برای سازمان ملل متحد به رسمیت شناختن فلسطین به عنوان یک دولت
حمله به پایگاه اصلی ایالات متحده در افغانستان
Suicide attackers fire rockets and detonate bombs outside an air-force base in Jalalabad.
حمله کنندگان انتحاری راکت های آتش و بمب های منفجر شده در خارج از یک پایگاه نیروی هوایی در جلال آباد.
Being bossy has its own charms: You can pompously fan your superiority, keep employees on a tight leash,
and hurl truckloads of work without mercy. However, gaining superiority at the expense of your reputation is not a good bargain. Here are some simple tips to follow for those who would like to shed their Devil-like horns and be more approachable to their employees.
1. Stop Being a Perfectionist: Since you know that perfection is an elusive concept, you are willing to drive people to any length to achieve it. But you must understand that such passion might not be shared by them. Not only will they find your standards impossible to live up to, but will secretly dislike your annoying perseverance. Thus, to maintain good team spirit, it is in your best interest to let the idea of perfection sail out of the window. Instead, try focusing on getting the job done at an agreeable standard.
2. Stop Being a Know-It-All: It is extremely annoying to work for someone who makes such a pompous show of their omniscience. Being a ‘control freak’ might work in the confines of your own home, but in the work place, it will tend to reflect as an irritating aspect of your personality. Try and take a step back and assume that the employees will have the adequate intelligence to know how to get the work done.
3. Be Patient: Being a leader, it is increasingly difficult to let someone assume the responsibility or watch someone fumble at a simple task that you can accomplish in a flash. So, it is advised to be patient with your employees and let them learn from their mistakes. This will promote a greater team spirit and will let you earn their trust.
4. Trust the Employees: Being bossy means that you naturally assume that your employees are bungling fools when it comes to work. However, you need to pay more attention than that. Instead of focusing on their shortcomings, direct your attention to their progress and their potential. Provide positive feedback when someone works well. Trust them enough to let them make their own mistakes and guide them when they fall.
5. Build Consensus: With a democratic government handling the country, such rampant dictatorship in the workplace will not be tolerated. Deconstruct the idea of leading, instead focus on building a self-sufficient team. Seek consensus on your personal opinion regarding projects. Not only will this make the neglected opinions come to the fore, but will also promote a sense of belonging, within the workplace.
6. Generate Feedback: Communication in the workplace begins to stagnate when it is flows in only one direction. Let your employees know that you admit to being a ‘control freak’ and are willing to change. Be humble and ask them to let you know when your bossy side begins to show and reassure them that you will try and control it. This sort of feedback will make you aware of yourself and minimise your 'bossy' streak.
Being bossy doesn’t necessarily make you a good boss. To maintain a healthy working atmosphere, you need to pay attention to your employees’ needs. Following the above mentioned steps will ensure that your bossy and conceited side never surfaces at your workplace.
Three years after the financial crisis, Dubai plans three mega projects.
برنامه های آینده (glitzy )چشمگير ، پر زرق و برق دبی اعلام شد
سه سال پس از بحران مالی، دبی برنامه سه پروژه بزرگ دارد.
گاهی اوقات شما ممکن است احساس نفخ یا از بی خوابی رنج می برید و ما راه حل های آسان برای آنها داریم
| quantifier | determiner or pronoun that indicates quantity eg: some, many, all |
| question tag | final part of a tag question; mini-question at end of a tag question eg: "Snow isn't black, is it?" |
| question word | another term for WH-word |
| reciprocal pronoun | pronoun that indicates that two or more subjects are acting mutually; there are two in English - each other, one another eg: "John and Mary were shouting at each other", "The students accused one another of cheating" |
| reduced relative clause (also called "participial relative clause") | construction similar to a relative clause, but containing a participle instead of a finite verb; this construction is possible only under certain circumstances eg: "The woman sitting on the bench is my sister", "The people arrested by the police have been released" |
| reflexive pronoun | pronoun ending in -self or -selves, used when the subject and object are the same, or when the subject needs emphasis eg: "She drove herself", "I'll phone her myself" |
| regular verb see regular verbs list | verb that has "-ed" as the ending for past tense and past participle forms; see alsoirregular verb eg: work, worked, worked |
| relative adverb | adverb that introduces a relative clause; there are four in English: where, when,wherever, whenever; see also relative pronoun |
| relative clause | dependent clause that usually starts with a relative pronoun such as who or which, orrelative adverb such as where eg: "The person who finishes first can leave early" (defining), "Texas, where my brother lives, is big" (non-defining) |
| relative pronoun | pronoun that starts a relative clause; there are five in English: who, whom, whose,which, that; see also relative adverb |
| reported speech | another term for indirect speech |
| restrictive relative clause | another term for defining relative clause |
| second conditional | "if-then" conditional structure used to talk about an unlikely possibility in the future eg: "If we won the lottery we would buy a car" |
| sentence | largest grammatical unit; a sentence must always include a subject (except forimperatives) and predicate; a written sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop/period (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!); a sentence contains a complete thought such as a statement, question, request or command eg: "Stop!", "Do you like coffee?", "I work." |
| series | list of items in a sentence eg: "The children ate popsicles, popcorn and chips" |
| singular | of a noun or form indicating exactly one person or thing; singular nouns are usually the simplest form of the noun (as found in a dictionary); see also plural, number eg: banana, spoon, tree |
| split infinitive | situation where a word or phrase comes between the particle "to" and the verb in an infinitive; considered poor construction by some eg: "He promised to never lie again" |
| Standard English (S.E.) | "normal" spelling, pronunciation and grammar that is used by educated native speakers of English |
| structure word | word that has no real meaning in a sentence, such as a pronoun or auxiliary verb (as opposed to a content word, such as verb or noun); structure words are not normally stressed in speech eg: "Could you BRING my GLASSES because I've LEFT them at HOME" |
| subject | one of the two main parts (subject and predicate) of a sentence; the subject is the part that is not the predicate; typically, the subject is the first noun phrase in asentence and is what the rest of the sentence "is about" eg: "The rain water was dirty", "Mary is beautiful", "Who saw you?" |
| subjective case also called "nominative" | case form of a pronoun indicating a subject eg: Did she tell you about her? |
| subjunctive | fairly rare verb form typically used to talk about events that are not certain to happen, usually something that someone wants, hopes or imagines will happen; formed with BARE INFINITIVE (except past of "be") eg: "The President requests that John attend the meeting" |
| subordinate clause | another term for dependent clause |
| suffix | affix that occurs after the root or stem of a word eg: happiness, quickly |
| superlative, superlative adjective | adjective or adverb that describes the extreme degree of something eg: happiest, most quickly |
| SVO | subject-verb-object; a common word order where the subject is followed by the verb and then the object eg: "The man crossed the street" |
| syntax | sentence structure; the rules about sentence structure |
| tag question | special construction with statement that ends in a mini-question; the whole sentence is a tag question; the mini-question is a question tag; usually used to obtain confirmation eg: "The Earth is round, isn't it?", "You don't eat meat, do you?" |
| tense | form of a verb that shows us when the action or state happens (past, present or future). Note that the name of a tense is not always a guide to when the action happens. The "present continuous tense", for example, can be used to talk about the present or the future. |
| third conditional | "if-then" conditional structure used to talk about a possible event in the past that did not happen (and is therefore now impossible) eg: "If we had won the lottery we would have bought a car" |
| transitive verb | action verb that has a direct object (receiver of the action); see also intransitive verb eg: "The kids always eat a snack while they watch TV" |
| uncountable nouns (also called "mass nouns" or "non-count") | thing that you cannot count, such as substances or concepts; see also countable nouns eg: water, furniture, music |
| usage | way in which words and constructions are normally used in any particular language |
| V1, V2, V3 | referring to Verb 1, Verb 2, Verb 3 - being the base, past and past participle that students typically learn for irregular verbs eg: speak, spoke, spoken |
| verb | word that describes the subject's action or state and that we can change orconjugate based on tense and person eg: (to) work, (to) love, (to) begin |
| voice | form of a verb that shows the relation of the subject to the action; there are two voices in English: active, passive |
| WH-question | question using a WH-word and expecting an answer that is not "yes" or "no"; WH-questions are "open" questions; see also yes-no question eg: Where are you going? |
| WH-word (also called "question word") | word that asks a WH-question; there are 7 WH-words: who, what, where, when, which, why, how |
| word order | order or sequence in which words occur within a sentence; basic word order for English is subject-verb-object or SVO |
| yes-no question | question to which the answer is yes or no; yes-no questions are "closed" questions; see also WH-question eg: "Do you like coffee?" |
| zero conditional | "if-then" conditional structure used when the result of the condition is always true (based on fact) eg: "If you dial O, the operator comes on" |
* note that technically English does not have a real future tense
** some authorities consider the base form of the verb without "to" to be the true infinitive
| main clause | another term for independent clause |
| main verb (also called "lexical verb") | any verb in a sentence that is not an auxiliary verb; a main verb has meaning on its own eg: "Does John like Mary?", "I will have arrived by 4pm" |
| modal verb (also called "modal") | auxiliary verb such as can, could, must, should etc; paired with the bare infinitive of a verb eg: "I should go for a jog" |
| modifier | word or phrase that modifies and limits the meaning of another word eg: the house => the white house, the house over there, the house we sold last year |
| mood | sentence type that indicates the speaker's view towards the degree of reality of what is being said, for example subjunctive, indicative, imperative |
| morpheme | unit of language with meaning; differs from "word" because some cannot stand alone e.g. un-, predict and -able in unpredictable |
| multi-word verb | verb that consists of a basic verb + another word or words (preposition and/or adverb) eg: get up (phrasal verb), believe in (prepositional verb), get on with (phrasal-prepositional verb) |
| negative | form which changes a "yes" meaning to a "no" meaning; opposite of affirmative eg: "She will not come", "I have never seen her" |
| nominative case | another term for subjective case |
| non-defining relative clause (also called "non-restrictive relative clause") | relative clause that adds information but is not completely necessary; set off from the sentence with a comma or commas; see defining relative clause eg: "The boy, who had a chocolate bar in his hand, was still hungry" |
| non-gradable adjective | adjective that has a fixed quality or intensity and cannot be paired with a grading adverb; see also gradable adjective eg: freezing, boiling, dead |
| non-restrictive relative clause | another term for non-defining relative clause |
| noun | part of speech that names a person, place, thing, quality, quantity or concept; see also proper noun and compound noun eg: "The man is waiting", "I was born in London", "Is that your car?", "Do you likemusic?" |
| noun clause | clause that takes the place of a noun and cannot stand on its own; often introduced with words such as "that, who or whoever" eg: "What the president said was surprising" |
| noun phrase (NP) | any word or group of words based on a noun or pronoun that can function in a sentence as a subject, object or prepositional object; can be one word or many words; can be very simple or very complex eg: "She is nice", "When is the meeting?", "The car over there beside the lampost is mine" |
| number | change of word form indicating one person or thing (singular) or more than one person or thing (plural) eg: one dog/three dogs, she/they |
| object | thing or person affected by the verb; see also direct object and indirect object eg: "The boy kicked the ball", "We chose the house with the red door" |
| objective case | case form of a pronoun indicating an object eg: "John married her", "I gave it to him" |
| part of speech | one of the classes into which words are divided according to their function in a sentence eg: verb, noun, adjective |
| participle | verb form that can be used as an adjective or a noun; see past participle, present participle |
| passive voice | one of two voices in English; an indirect form of expression in which the subject receives the action; see also active voice eg: "Rice is eaten by many people" |
| past tense (also called "simple past") | tense used to talk about an action, event or situation that occurred and was completed in the past eg: "I lived in Paris for 10 years", "Yesterday we saw a snake" |
| past continuous | tense often used to describe an interrupted action in the past; formed with WAS/WERE + VERB-ing eg: "I was reading when you called" |
| past perfect | tense that refers to the past in the past; formed with HAD + VERB-ed eg: "We had stopped the car" |
| past perfect continuous | tense that refers to action that happened in the past and continued to a certain point in the past; formed with HAD BEEN + VERB-ing eg: "I had been waiting for three hours when he arrived" |
| past participle | verb form (V3) - usually made by adding "-ed" to the base verb - typically used in perfect and passive tenses, and sometimes as an adjective eg: "I have finished", "It was seen by many people", "boiled eggs" |
| perfect | verb form (specifically an aspect); formed with HAVE/HAS + VERB-ed (present perfect) or HAD + VERB-ed (past perfect) |
| person | grammatical category that identifies people in a conversation; there are three persons: 1st person (pronouns I/me, we/us) is the speaker(s), 2nd person (pronoun you) is the listener(s), 3rd person (pronouns he/him, she/her, it, they/them) is everybody or everything else |
| personal pronoun | pronoun that indicates person eg: "He likes my dogs", "They like him" |
| phrasal verb | multi-word verb formed with a verb + adverb eg: break up, turn off (see phrasal verbs list) NB: many people and books call all multi-word verbs "phrasal verbs" (see multi-word verbs) |
| phrase | two or more words that have a single function and form part of a sentence; phrases can be noun, adjective, adverb, verb or prepositional |
| plural | of a noun or form indicating more than one person or thing; plural nouns are usually formed by adding "-s"; see also singular, number eg: bananas, spoons, trees |
| position | grammatically correct placement of a word form in a phrase or sentence in relation to other word forms eg: "The correct position for an article is at the beginning of the noun phrase that it describes" |
| positive | basic state of an adjective or adverb when it shows quality but not comparative orsuperlative eg: nice, kind, quickly |
| possessive adjective | adjective (also called "determiner") based on a pronoun: my, your, his, her, its, our, their eg: "I lost my keys", "She likes your car" |
| possessive case | case form of a pronoun indicating ownership or possession eg: "Mine are blue", "This car is hers" |
| possessive pronoun | pronoun that indicates ownership or possession eg: "Where is mine?", "These are yours" |
| predicate | one of the two main parts (subject and predicate) of a sentence; the predicate is the part that is not the subject eg: "My brother is a doctor", "Who did you call?", "The woman wearing a blue dresshelped me" |
| prefix | affix that occurs before the root or stem of a word eg: impossible, reload |
| preposition | part of speech that typically comes before a noun phrase and shows some type of relationship between that noun phrase and another element (including relationships of time, location, purpose etc) eg: "We sleep at night", "I live in London", "This is for digging" |
| prepositional verb | multi-word verb that is formed with verb + preposition eg: believe in, look after |
| present participle | -ing form of a verb (except when it is a gerund or verbal noun) eg: "We were eating", "The man shouting at the back is rude", "I saw Tara playingtennis" |
| present simple(also called "simple present") | tense usually used to describe states and actions that are general, habitual or (with the verb "to be") true right now; formed with the basic verb (+ s for 3rd person singular) eg: "Canada sounds beautiful", "She walks to school", "I am very happy" |
| present continuous(also called "present progressive") | tense used to describe action that is in process now, or a plan for the future; formed with BE + VERB-ing eg: "We are watching TV", "I am moving to Canada next month" |
| present perfect | tense that connects the past and the present, typically used to express experience, change or a continuing situation; formed with HAVE + VERB-ed eg: "I have worked there", "John has broken his leg", "How long have you been in Canada?" |
| progressive | another term for continuous |
| pronoun | word that replaces a noun or noun phrase; there are several types including personal pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns eg: you, he, him; who, which; somebody, anything |
| proper noun | noun that is capitalized at all times and is the name of a person, place or thing eg: Shakespeare, Tokyo, EnglishClub.com |
| punctuation | standard marks such as commas, periods and question marks within a sentence eg: , . ? ! - ; : |
| dangling participle | illogical structure that occurs in a sentence when a writer intends to modify one thing but the reader attaches it to another eg: "Running to the bus, the flowers were blooming." (In the example sentence it seems that the flowers were running.) |
| declarative sentence | sentence type typically used to make a statement (as opposed to a question or command) eg: "Tara works hard", "It wasn't funny" |
| defining relative clause (also called "restrictive relative clause") | relative clause that contains information required for the understanding of the sentence; not set off with commas; see also non-defining clause eg: "The boy who was wearing a blue shirt was the winner" |
| demonstrative pronoun demonstrative adjective | pronoun or determiner that indicates closeness to (this/these) or distance from (that/those) the speaker eg: "This is a nice car", "Can you see those cars?" |
| dependent clause | part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb but does not form a complete thought and cannot stand on its own; see also independent clause eg: "When the water came out of the tap..." |
| determiner | word such as an article or a possessive adjective or other adjective that typically comes at the beginning of noun phrases eg: "It was an excellent film", "Do you like my new shirt?", "Let's buy some eggs" |
| direct speech | saying what someone said by using their exact words; see also indirect speech eg: "Lucy said: 'I am tired.'" |
| direct object | noun phrase in a sentence that directly receives the action of the verb; see alsoindirect object eg: "Joey bought the car", "I like it", "Can you see the man wearing a pink shirt and waving a gun in the air?" |
| embedded question | question that is not in normal question form with a question mark; it occurs within another statement or question and generally follows statement structure eg: "I don't know where he went," "Can you tell me where it is before you go?", "They haven't decided whether they should come" |
| finite verb | verb form that has a specific tense, number and person eg: I work, he works, we learned, they ran |
| first conditional | "if-then" conditional structure used for future actions or events that are seen as realistic possibilities eg: "If we win the lottery we will buy a car" |
| fragment | incomplete piece of a sentence used alone as a complete sentence; a fragment does not contain a complete thought; fragments are common in normal speech but unusual (inappropriate) in formal writing eg: "When's her birthday? - In December", "Will they come? - Probably not" |
| function | purpose or "job" of a word form or element in a sentence eg: The function of a subject is to perform the action. One function of an adjective is to describe a noun. The function of a noun is to name things. |
| future continuous (also called "future progressive") | tense* used to describe things that will happen in the future at a particular time; formed with WILL + BE + VERB-ing eg: "I will be graduating in September." |
| future perfect | tense* used to express the past in the future; formed with WILL HAVE + VERB-ed eg: "I will have graduated by then" |
| future perfect continuous | tense* used to show that something will be ongoing until a certain time in the future; formed with WILL HAVE BEEN + VERB-ing eg: "We will have been living there for three months by the time the baby is born" |
| future simple | tense* used to describe something that hasn't happened yet such as a prediction or a sudden decision; formed with WILL + BASE VERB eg: "He will be late", "I will answer the phone" |
| genitive case | case expressing relationship between nouns (possession, origin, composition etc) eg: "John's dog", "door of the car", "children's songs", "pile of sand" |
| gerund | noun form of a verb, formed with VERB-ing eg: "Walking is great exercise" |
| gradable adjective | adjective that can vary in intensity or grade when paired with a grading adverb ; see also non-gradable adjective eg: quite hot, very tall |
| grading adverb | adverb that can modify the intensity or grade of a gradable adjective eg: quite hot, very tall |
| hanging participle | another term for dangling participle |
| helping verb | another term for auxiliary verb |
| imperative | form of verb used when giving a command; formed with BASE VERB only eg: "Brush your teeth!" |
| indefinite pronoun | pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". eg: anything, each, many, somebody |
| independent clause (also called "main clause") | group of words that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence; see also dependent clause eg: "Tara is eating curry.", "Tara likes oranges and Joe likes apples." |
| indirect object | noun phrase representing the person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb; see also direct object eg: "She showed me her book collection", "Joey bought his wife a new car" |
| indirect question | another term for embedded question |
| indirect speech (also called "reported speech") | saying what someone said without using their exact words; see direct speech eg: "Lucy said that she was tired" |
| infinitive | base form of a verb preceded by "to"**; see also bare infinitive eg: "You need to study harder", "To be, or not to be: that is the question" |
| inflection | change in word form to indicate grammatical meaning eg: dog, dogs (two inflections); take, takes, took, taking, taken (five inflections) |
| interjection | common word that expresses emotion but has no grammatical value; can often be used alone and is often followed by an exclamation mark eg: "Hi!", "er", "Ouch!", "Dammit!" |
| interrogative | (formal) sentence type (typically inverted) normally used when asking a question eg: "Are you eating?", "What are you eating?" |
| interrogative pronoun | pronoun that asks a question. eg: who, whom, which |
| intransitive verb | verb that does not take a direct object; see also transitive verb e.g. "He is working hard", "Where do you live?" |
| inversion | any reversal of the normal word order, especially placing the auxiliary verb before the subject; used in a variety of ways, as in question formation, conditional clauses and agreement or disagreement eg: "Where are your keys?","Had we watched the weather report, we wouldn't have gone to the beach", "So did he", "Neither did she" |
| irregular verb see irregular verbs list | verb that has a different ending for past tense and past participle forms than the regular "-ed"; see also regular verb eg: buy, bought, bought; do, did, done |
| lexicon, lexis | all of the words and word forms in a language with meaning or function |
| lexical verb | another term for main verb |
| linking verb | verbs that connect the subject to more information (but do not indicate action), such as "be" or "seem" |
| bare infinitive | unmarked form of the verb (no indication of tense, mood, person, or aspect) without the particle "to"; typically used after modal auxiliary verbs; see also infinitive eg: "He should come", "I can swim" |
| base form | basic form of a verb before conjugation into tenses etc eg: be, speak |
| case | form of a pronoun based on its relationship to other words in the sentence; case can be subjective, objective or possessive eg: "I love this dog", "This dog loves me", "This is my dog" |
| causative verb | verb that causes things to happen such as "make", "get" and "have"; the subject does not perform the action but is indirectly responsible for it eg: "She made me go to school", "I had my nails painted" |
| clause | group of words containing a subject and its verb eg: "It was late when he arrived" |
| comparative, comparative adjective | form of an adjective or adverb made with "-er" or "more" that is used to show differences or similarities between two things (not three or more things) eg: colder, more quickly |
| complement | part of a sentence that completes or adds meaning to the predicate eg: Mary did not say where she was going. |
| compound noun | noun that is made up of more than one word; can be one word, or hyphenated, or separated by a space eg: toothbrush, mother-in-law, Christmas Day |
| compound sentence | sentence with at least two independent clauses; usually joined by a conjunction eg: "You can have something healthy but you can't have more junk food." |
| concord | another term for agreement |
| conditional | structure in English where one action depends on another ("if-then" or "then-if" structure); most common are 1st, 2nd, and 3rd conditionals eg: "If I win I will be happy", "I would be happy if I won" |
| conjugate | to show the different forms of a verb according to voice, mood, tense, number andperson; conjugation is quite simple in English compared to many other languages eg: I walk, you walk, he/she/it walks, we walk, they walk; I walked, you walked, he/she/it walked, we walked, they walked |
| conjunction | word that joins or connects two parts of a sentence eg: Ram likes tea and coffee. Anthony went swimming although it was raining. |
| content word | word that has meaning in a sentence, such as a verb or noun (as opposed to astructure word, such as pronoun or auxiliary verb); content words are stressed in speech eg: "Could you BRING my GLASSES because I've LEFT them at HOME" |
| continuous (also called "progressive") | verb form (specifically an aspect) indicating actions that are in progress or continuing over a given time period (can be past, present or future); formed with "BE" + "VERB-ing" eg: "They are watching TV." |
| contraction | shortening of two (or more) words into one eg: isn't (is not), we'd've (we would have) |
| countable noun | thing that you can count, such as apple, pen, tree (see uncountable noun) eg: one apple, three pens, ten trees |
| Term | Definition |
| active voice | one of two voices in English; a direct form of expression where the subject performs or "acts" the verb; see also passive voice eg: "Many people eat rice" |
| adjective | part of speech that typically describes or "modifies" a noun eg: "It was a big dog." |
| adjective clause | seldom-used term for relative clause |
| adjunct | word or phrase that adds information to a sentence and that can be removed from the sentence without making the sentence ungrammatical eg: I met John at school. |
| adverb | word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb eg: quickly, really, very |
| adverbial clause | dependent clause that acts like an adverb and indicates such things as time, place or reason eg: Although we are getting older, we grow more beautiful each day. |
| affirmative | statement that expresses (or claims to express) a truth or "yes" meaning; opposite of negative eg: The sun is hot. |
| affix | language unit (morpheme) that occurs before or after (or sometimes within) the root or stem of a word eg: un- in unhappy (prefix), -ness in happiness (suffix) |
| agreement (also known as "concord") | logical (in a grammatical sense) links between words based on tense, case or number eg: this phone, these phones |
| antecedent | word, phrase or clause that is replaced by a pronoun (or other substitute) when mentioned subsequently (in the same sentence or later) eg: "Emily is nice because she brings me flowers." |
| appositive | noun phrase that re-identifies or describes its neighbouring noun eg: "Canada, a multicultural country, is recognized by its maple leaf flag." |
| article | determiner that introduces a noun phrase as definite (the) or indefinite (a/an) |
| aspect | feature of some verb forms that relates to duration or completion of time; verbs can have no aspect (simple), or can have continuous or progressive aspect (expressing duration), or have perfect or perfective aspect (expressing completion) |
| auxiliary verb (also called "helping verb") | verb used with the main verb to help indicate something such as tense or voice eg: I do not like you. She has finished. He can swim. |
A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.
Here are some example conjunctions:
| Coordinating Conjunctions | Subordinating Conjunctions |
| and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so | although, because, since, unless |
We can consider conjunctions from three aspects.
Conjunctions have three basic forms:
Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":
|
Try to think of gerunds as verbs in noun form.
Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence:
But, like a verb, a gerund can also have an object itself. In this case, the whole expression [gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the sentence.
Like nouns, we can use gerunds with adjectives (including articles and other determiners):
But when we use a gerund with an article, it does not usually take a direct object:
This is a good rule. It has no exceptions!
If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible to use an infinitive after a preposition. So for example, we say:
Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:
We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the infinitive form, for example:
But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:
This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a verb in gerund form:
Look at these examples:
We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In this case, the gerund has a passive sense.
When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important to understand that they are not the same.
When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:
Fishing is fun.When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a present participle:
Anthony is fishing.
7 Tips for CVs/Resumes
When you apply for a job, you are usually asked to send a CV
or resume. This is a history of your education and work
experience. Here are 7 tips for CVs and resumes in English:
Tip 1: Use design that demands attention
Employers don't have time to read through each of your job
descriptions to know if you have the skills they need. The
design of your CV must do it for them. Your CV should be
concise, well-organised and relevant. It should emphasise
the most important and relevant points about your
experience, skills and education.
Tip 2: Use 'power words'
To control the image that an employer has of you, use power
words that match the position you want. Certain words are
used frequently by recruiters in their job descriptions. You
should study recruiters' advertisements and job descriptions
and use these words in your CV and covering letter.
Tip 3: A number is worth 1,000 words
Numbers are alive and powerful. They create images in our
minds. General statements are easy to ignore. Be specific!
Use numbers when describing your duties and achievements.
Tip 4: Put important information first
List important information at the beginning of your job
descriptions. Put statements in your CV in order of
importance, impressiveness and relevance to the job.
Tip 5: Sell benefits, not skills
Holiday companies don't sell holidays. They sell relaxation,
adventure, sun, sea and sand (the benefits of a holiday).
You should not sell your skills (many other people have the
same skills). You should sell the benefits of your skills.
When you write your skills and past duties, you can explain
their benefits to the employer.
Tip 6: Solve the employer's (hidden) needs
Employers want people who can solve problems, not create
them! Your CV and cover letter should show how you can solve
the employer's problems and needs.
Tip 7: Target the job
You will have more success if you adjust your CV and cover
letter for the specific skills an employer is seeking. This
means that you would write one CV for one particular job and
a different, modified, CV for another job.
|
| 1 | balance | n. the difference between credits and debits in an account |
| 2 | bank charges | n. money paid to a bank for the bank's services etc |
| 3 | branch | n. local office or bureau of a bank |
| 4 | checkbookUS | n. book containing detachable checks; chequebookUK |
| 5 | checkUS | n. written order to a bank to pay the stated sum from one's account; chequeUK |
| 6 | credit | n. money in a bank a/c; sum added to a bank a/c; money lent by a bank - also v. |
| 7 | credit card | n. (plastic) card from a bank authorising the purchasing of goods on credit |
| 8 | current account | n. bank a/c from which money may be drawn at any time; checking accountUS |
| 9 | debit | n. a sum deducted from a bank account, as for a cheque - also v. |
| 10 | deposit account | n. bank a/c on which interest is paid; savings accountUS |
| 11 | fill inUK | v. to add written information to a document to make it complete; to fill outUS |
| 12 | interest | n. money paid for the use of money lent - interest rate n. |
| 13 | loan | n. money lent by a bank etc and that must be repaid with interest - also v. |
| 14 | overdraft | n. deficit in a bank account caused by withdrawing more money than is paid in |
| 15 | pay in | v. [paid, paid] to deposit or put money in to a bank account |
| 16 | payee | n. person to whom money is paid |
| 17 | paying-in slip | n. small document recording money that you pay in to a bank account |
| 18 | standing order | n. an instruction to a bank to make regular payments |
| 19 | statement | n. a record of transactions in a bank account |
| 20 | withdraw | v. [-drew, -drawn] to take money out of a bank account - withdrawal n. |
Here are some of the main differences between British and American financial terminology.
| British | American |
| Annual General Meeting (AGM) | Annual Stockholders Meeting |
| Articles of Association | Bylaws |
| authorised share capital | authorized capital stock |
| barometer stock | bellwether stock |
| base rate | prime rate |
| bonus or capitalisation issue | stock dividend or stock split |
| bridging loan | bridge loan |
| building society | savings and loan association |
| cheque | check |
| company | corporation |
| creditors | accounts payable |
| current account | checking account |
| debtors | accounts receivable |
| gilt-edged stock (gilts) | Treasury bonds |
| labour | labor |
| Memorandum of Association | Certificate of Incorporation |
| merchant bank | investment bank |
| ordinary share | common stock |
| overheads | overhead |
| profit and loss account | income statement |
| property | real estate |
| quoted company | listed company |
| retail price index (RPI) | consumer price index (CPI) |
| share | stock |
| share premium | paid-in surplus |
| shareholder | stockholder |
| shareholders' equity | stockholders' equity |
| stock | inventory |
| trade union | labor union |
| unit trusts | mutual funds |
| visible trade | merchandise trade |
| 1 | Accounts Dept. | n. department responsible for administering a company's financial affairs |
| 2 | A.G.M.UK | abbr. Annual General Meeting of a company's shareholders |
| 3 | board of directors | n. group of people chosen to establish policy for and control a company |
| 4 | chairmanUK | n. person who heads a Board of Directors; head of a company; chairperson |
| 5 | director | n. a member of the board of directors |
| 6 | executive officerUS | n. person managing the affairs of a corporation - chief executive officer n. |
| 7 | headquarters | n. a company's principal or main office or centre of control |
| 8 | manager | n. person responsible for day-to-day running of a dept.; executive officerUS |
| 9 | managing directorUK | n. senior director after the chairman responsible for day-to-day direction |
| 10 | Marketing Dept. | n. department that puts goods on market, inc. packaging, advertising etc |
| 11 | organisation chart | n. a table or plan showing a company's structure graphically |
| 12 | Personnel Dept. | n. department responsible for recruitment and welfare of staff or employees |
| 13 | presidentUS | n. the highest executive officer of a company; head of a company |
| 14 | Production Dept. | n. department responsible for physical creation of product |
| 15 | Purchasing Dept. | n. department responsible for finding and buying everything for a company |
| 16 | R & D Department | n. department responsible for Research and Development of (new) products |
| 17 | reception | n. the place where visitors and clients report on arrival at a company |
| 18 | Sales Department | n. department responsible for finding customers and making sales |
| 19 | shareholder | n. person who holds or owns shares in or a part of a company or corporation |
| 20 | vice presidentUS | n. any of several executive officers, each responsible for a separate division |
|
| 1 | bonus | n. additional pay given to employee as incentive or reward |
| 2 | curriculum vitaeUK | n. short account of one's education, career etc; CVUK; resumeUS; resumeUS |
| 3 | dismiss | v. to remove or discharge from employment; to sack [colloq.]; to fireUS |
| 4 | employer | n. person or firm who employs people - employee n. person employed |
| 5 | fireUS | v. [colloq.] to dismiss |
| 6 | interview | v. an oral examination of an applicant for a job - also v. |
| 7 | make redundantUK | v. [made, made] to dismiss because of not being needed - redundancyUK n. |
| 8 | maternity leave | n. period of absence from work (for a woman) when having a baby |
| 9 | notice | n. advance warning of intention to resign - to give or tender one's notice v. |
| 10 | perk | abbr. perquisite; something additional to regular salary [eg: free meals; a car] |
| 11 | personnel | n. the people who work for a firm |
| 12 | personnel officer | n. manager responsible for recruitment, training and welfare of personnel |
| 13 | promotion | n. advancement in rank or position - to promote v. |
| 14 | prospects | n. opportunity for success, promotion etc |
| 15 | recruit | n. to look for and employ personnel - recruitment n. |
| 16 | resign | v. to give up a job - letter of resignation n. |
| 17 | retire | v. to leave employment, esp. because of age - retirement n. |
| 18 | salary | n. a fixed, regular payment, usually monthly, made by employer to employee |
| 19 | staff | n. the people who work for a firm or a particular department; employees |
| 20 | take on | v. [took, taken] to employ; to hire |
|
| 1 | ad | abbr. advertisement - advert abbr. |
| 2 | advertisement | n. item of publicity for a product or service, in magazine, on TV etc |
| 3 | advertising agency | n. company specialising in producing and placing advertisements for clients |
| 4 | AIDA | abbr. Attention, Interest, Desire, Action - the objective of all advertisements |
| 5 | benefit | n. advantage of a product or service, usually derived from its features |
| 6 | billboardUS | n. signboard, usually outdoors, for advertising posters; hoardingUK |
| 7 | circulation | n. average number of copies of a magazine sold in a particular period |
| 8 | classified ads | n. small advertisements in magazine or newspaper categorised by subject |
| 9 | commercial | n. paid advertisement on radio or TV |
| 10 | coupon | n. part of a printed advertisement used for ordering goods, samples etc |
| 11 | double-page spread | n. advertisement printed across 2 pages in a magazine or newspaper |
| 12 | eye-catcherUS | n. something that especially attracts one's attention - eye-catching adj. |
| 13 | features | n. special characteristics of a product, usually leading to certain benefits |
| 14 | hoardingUK | n. signboard, usually outdoors, for advertising posters; billboardUS |
| 15 | poster | n. large sheet of paper, usually illustrated, used as advertisement |
| 16 | prime time | n. hours on radio & TV with largest audience, esp. the evening hours |
| 17 | promote | v. to (try to) increase sales of a product by publicising and advertising it |
| 18 | slot | n. specific time in a broadcasting schedule, when a commercial may be shown |
| 19 | target | n. objective; what one is aiming at - target audience n. |
| 20 | U.S.P. | abbr. Unique Selling Proposition; what makes a product different from others |
| 1 | agreement | n. an arrangement between two or more people, countries etc; contract |
| 2 | appendix | n. additional or supplementary material at end of contract, book etc |
| 3 | arbitration | n. settlement of a dispute by a person chosen by both parties - to arbitrate v. |
| 4 | article | n. a particular statement or stipulation in a contract etc; clause |
| 5 | clause | n. a particular statement or stipulation in a contract etc; article |
| 6 | condition | n. anything necessary before the performance of something else |
| 7 | force majeure | n. superior, power; unforeseeable event excusing one party from fulfilling contract |
| 8 | fulfil | v: to satisfy a condition; to complete the required task; to fulfillUS |
| 9 | herein | adv: in here; in this (document etc) |
| 10 | hereinafter | adv: in the following part (of this document etc) |
| 11 | hereto | adv: to this (document etc) [eg: attached hereto] |
| 12 | heretofore | adv: up until now; until the present; before this |
| 13 | in behalf of | in the interests of (person etc); for (person etc); on behalf ofUK |
| 14 | null and void | invalid; without legal force; not binding |
| 15 | on the one hand | on one side - on the other hand on the other side |
| 16 | party | n. the person or persons forming one side of an agreement |
| 17 | stipulate | v. to specify as an essential condition - stipulation n. |
| 18 | terms | n. conditions or stipulations |
| 19 | warrant | v. to give formal assurance; to guarantee |
| 20 | whereas | conj: it being the case that; in view of the fact that [in introduction to contracts] |
| 1 | bill of lading | n. list of goods and shipping instructions; waybill |
| 2 | c.&f. | abbr. cost & freight: includes shipping to named port but not insurance |
| 3 | c.i.f. | abbr. cost, insurance & freight: includes insurance and shipping to named port |
| 4 | cargo | n. goods or products that are being transported or shipped |
| 5 | certificate of origin | n. a document that shows where goods come from |
| 6 | container | n. huge box to hold goods for transport - container port n. to containerise v. |
| 7 | customs | n. 1 government tax or duty on imported goods 2 officials who collect this tax |
| 8 | declare | v. to make a statement of taxable goods - customs declaration form n. |
| 9 | f.a.s. | abbr. free alongside ship [includes delivery to quayside but not loading] |
| 10 | f.o.b. | abbr. free on board: includes loading onto ship |
| 11 | freight | n. goods being transported; cargo |
| 12 | irrevocable | adj. that cannot be undone; unalterable - irrevocable letter of credit n. |
| 13 | letter of credit | n. a letter from a bank authorising a person to draw money from another bank |
| 14 | merchandise | n. things bought and sold; commodities; wares - also v. |
| 15 | packing list | n. a document that is sent with goods to show that they have been checked |
| 16 | pro forma invoice | n. an invoice or request for payment sent in advance of goods supplied |
| 17 | quay | n. a solid, artificial landing place for (un)loading ships; wharf - quayside n. |
| 18 | ship | v. to send or transport by land, sea or air - also n. shipment n. |
| 19 | shipping agent | n. a person acting for or representing a ship or ships at a port |
| 20 | waybill | n. list of goods and shipping instructions; bill of lading - air waybill n. |
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| 1 | after-sales service | n. service that continues after a product has been sold [eg: repairs etc] |
| 2 | buyer | n. 1 any person who buys anything 2 a person employed by a firm to buy |
| 3 | client | n. a person who buys services from a lawyer, architect or other professionals |
| 4 | close | v. to finalise a deal or sale; to make a sale |
| 5 | cold call | v. to telephone a prospect without previous contact - also n. |
| 6 | customer | n. a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business |
| 7 | deal | n. a business transaction - also v. dealer n. |
| 8 | discount | n. a reduction in the price; a deduction [usually expressed as a percentage (%)] |
| 9 | follow up | v. to continue to follow persistently; to maintain contact [eg: after a lead] |
| 10 | guarantee | n. a promise that a product will be repaired or replaced etc if faulty - also v. |
| 11 | in bulk | in large quantity, usually at a lower price |
| 12 | lead | n. useful indication of a possible customer to be followed up |
| 13 | objection | n. a reason given by a prospect for not buying - to object v. seeovercome |
| 14 | overcome | v. [-came, -come] to overcome an obj-ection to show an objection is invalid |
| 15 | product | n. something made and usually for sale - to produce v. seeservice |
| 16 | prospect | n. a possible or probable customer; prospective customer |
| 17 | representative | n. sales representative person who represents & sells for a firm; salesperson |
| 18 | retail | v. to sell in small quantities (as in a shop to the public) - also n. see wholesale |
| 19 | service | n. work done usually in return for payment - to serve v. see product |
| 20 | wholesale | v. to sell in bulk (as to a shop for resale to the public) - also n. see retail |
| 1 | A.G.M. | abbr. Annual General Meeting |
| 2 | A.O.B. | abbr. Any Other Business [usually the last item on an agenda] |
| 3 | absent | adj. not here; not at the meeting; not present |
| 4 | agenda | n. a written programme or schedule for a meeting |
| 5 | apologies | n. item on agenda announcing people who are absent; apologies for absence |
| 6 | ballot | n. a type of vote, usually in writing and usually secret- secret ballot n. |
| 7 | casting vote | n. a deciding vote (usually by the chairman) when the votes are otherwise equal |
| 8 | chairman | n. the person who leads or presides at a meeting; chairperson; chair |
| 9 | conference | n. formal meeting for discussion, esp. a regular one held by an organisation |
| 10 | conference call | n. telephone call between three or more people in different locations |
| 11 | consensus | n. general agreement |
| 12 | decision | n. a conclusion or resolution to do something - to decide v. |
| 13 | item | n. a separate point for discussion [as listed on an agenda] |
| 14 | matters arising | n. item on agenda for discussion of what has happened as a result of last meeting |
| 15 | minutes | n. a written record of everything said at a meeting |
| 16 | proxy vote | n. a vote cast by one person for or in place of another |
| 17 | show of hands | n. raised hands to express an opinion in a vote |
| 18 | unanimous | adj. in complete agreement; united in opinion |
| 19 | videoconference | n. conference of people in different locations linked by satellite, TV etc |
| 20 | vote | v. to express opinion in a group by voice or hand etc - also n. - to cast a vote v. |
| 1 | brand | n. a particular make of product - to brand v. - branded adj. |
| 2 | consumer | n. the person who buys and uses a product or service - to consume v. |
| 3 | cost | v. [cost, costed, costed] to estimate the price of making a product - costing n. |
| 4 | develop | v. to create a new product or improve an existing one - product development n. |
| 5 | distribution | n. the delivering of products to end-users, inc. advertising, storing etc |
| 6 | end-user | n. the person, customer etc who is the ultimate (and so real) user of a product |
| 7 | image | n. the concept or perception of a firm or product held by the general public |
| 8 | label | n. small piece of paper, metal etc on a product giving information about it |
| 9 | launch | v. to introduce a new product, with publicity etc - product launch n. |
| 10 | mail order | n. the selling of goods by post - mail-order catalogue n. |
| 11 | market research | n. study of consumers' needs & preferences, often for a particular product |
| 12 | packagingUK | n. the wrapping or container for a product |
| 13 | point of sale | n. the place where a product is actually sold to the public - point-of-sale adj. |
| 14 | product | n. something made to be sold; merchandise [includes services] - to produce v. |
| 15 | public relations | n. creation and maintenance of a good public image - public relations officer n. |
| 16 | registered | adj. registered or officially recorded as a trademark - ® abbr. - to register v. |
| 17 | sponsor | n. firm supporting an organisation in return for advertising space - also v. |
| 18 | S.W.O.T. | abbr. Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats |
| 19 | total product | n. the whole product, inc. name, packaging, instructions, reliability, after-sales etc |
| 20 | trademark | n. special symbol, design, word etc used to represent a product or firm - " abbr. |
| 1 | actuary | n. a person who calculates risks for insurance companies |
| 2 | assessor | n. a person who calculates the value of something [eg: a building, car etc] |
| 3 | claim | n. an application for payment under an insurance policy - to make a claim v. |
| 4 | comprehensive | n. [of an insurance policy] all-inclusive; providing complete protection |
| 5 | consequential loss | n. a loss that happens as a consequence of or as a result of another |
| 6 | coverUK | n. the protection given by an insurance policy [eg: public liability cover] |
| 7 | employer's liability | n. liability or responsibility of a firm for damage caused to one of its employees |
| 8 | goods in transit | n. property, merchandise or any goods in the process of being transported |
| 9 | insurance broker | n. agent who arranges insurance; middleman between insurer & policyholder |
| 10 | liability | n. 1 the state of being liable 2 anything for which a person is liable |
| 11 | liable | adj. legally obliged to pay for damage, injury etc; responsible - liability n. |
| 12 | loss | n. death, injury, damage etc that is the basis for a claim - to lose v. |
| 13 | loss adjuster | n. a person who assesses the amount of compensation arising from a claim |
| 14 | policy | n. a contract of insurance [eg: a product liability policy] |
| 15 | policyholder | n. the person to whom an insurance policy is issued |
| 16 | premium | n. a payment, usually monthly, yearly etc, for an insurance policy |
| 17 | product liability | n. liability or responsibility of a firm for damage caused by one of its products |
| 18 | public liability | n. responsibility of a firm for damage caused to a member of the public |
| 19 | reinsurance | n. the insuring of risk by one insurance company with another - to reinsure v. |
| 20 | risk | n. 1 chance or possibility of injury, loss etc 2 person or thing causing risk |
| 1 | attorney | n. 1 a person appointed to act for or represent another 2US lawyer |
| 2 | barristerUK | n. a lawyer who pleads before a superior court |
| 3 | brief | n. 1UK instructions to a barrister - also v. 2US written statement of facts |
| 4 | case | n. statement of the facts in a trial, esp. the argument of one side |
| 5 | contract | n. a formal agreement, usually in writing, between two or more parties |
| 6 | court of law | n. the place where law cases are heard and decided; court - courtroom n. |
| 7 | evidence | n. information presented to a court to prove or support a point in question |
| 8 | guilty | adj. responsible for wrong; culpable - guilt n. not guilty adj. |
| 9 | judge | n. official with authority to hear and decide cases in a court of law - also v. |
| 10 | jury | n. a group of people chosen to hear the evidence of a case and give a decision |
| 11 | lawsuit | n. a trial at court between two private parties |
| 12 | lawyer | n. a person trained in law and who advises or represents others |
| 13 | plead | v. 1 to defend a law case 2 to declare oneself to be guilty or not guilty - plea n. |
| 14 | sentence | n. 1 decision of a court, esp. as to the punishment 2 the punishment - also v. |
| 15 | solicitor | n. 1UK lawyer advising clients & briefing barristers 2US law officer for a city etc |
| 16 | sue | v. to start legal action against someone in a court of law - lawsuit n. |
| 17 | sum up | v. to summarise & review the evidence of a case - summing up n. |
| 18 | trial | n. a formal examination of a case in a court of law - to try v. |
| 19 | verdict | n. the formal decision or finding of a judge or jury |
| 20 | without prejudice | without detriment or damage to a legal right or claim |
| Vocabulary part of speech | Meaning | Example sentence | |
| arrest verb | take into police control | My partner arrested the man who set fire to the building. | |
| assailant noun | person who assaults or attacks | Did you see the assailant run away? | |
| at large (on the loose) preposition + adjective | not caught, running free | I'm afraid that the man who robbed the bank is still at large. | |
| armed and dangerous adjective | is carrying a weapon and has a violent background | Do not approach the thief if you see him. He is considered armed and dangerous. | |
| back-up noun | police that are called in to support or help | We're calling for back up now that we know she has a gun. | |
| bail noun | large amount of money that someone pays as a promise to appear in cour | Your husband's bail is posted at 20, 000 dollars. | |
| baton (night stick) noun | heavy stick that police use for controlling crowds or defending themselves | No, we don't carry guns. We only have batons. | |
| book someone verb | register someone as a criminal | We're taking your brother down to the station to book him. | |
| break into verb | enter a residence, car, or business illegally | Do you have any idea who would have broken into your car? | |
| burglar noun | a person who breaks into a home or business and steals items | We think the burglar got in through your chimney. | |
| cell noun | individual room in a jail/prison | We'll have to keep you in a cell until someone comes to pay your bail. | |
| convict noun | a person who is doing (or supposed to be doing) jailtime | Please be aware that there is a convict on the loose. | |
| cop/copper noun | police officer (common slang) | Did somebody here call the cops? | |
| criminal record noun | a file that lists all of the crimes a person has committed | We don't allow anyone with a criminal recordinto our country. | |
| crime scene noun | the place where a crime happened | Please stay outside the yellow tape. This is acrime scene. | |
| cruiser (squad car) noun | police car | Please step out of your vehicle and get into the police cruiser. | |
| (in) custody noun | under police control | You will be happy to know that we have taken the kidnapper into custody. | |
| DUI/DWI | (Driving Under the Influence/Driving while Intoxicated). Driving after drinking too much alcohol | Your record says that you have two previousDUIs. | |
| detective noun | police officer responsible for solving crime | The detective is going to ask you a few questions about the man's appearance. | |
| do time verb + noun | receive punishment for a crime by spending time in jail | You won't be required to do any time but you will have to pay a fine. | |
| domestic dispute adjective + noun | argument/trouble in the home(often leads to violence) | We've had a number of calls reporting adomestic dispute in your hotel room. | |
| escape verb | get away from a holding place | If you try to escape we will have to restrain you with handcuffs. | |
| felony noun | a major crime (e.g. murder) | Murder is considered a felony and is punishable by life in prison. | |
| fine noun | money that a person pays for breaking a law | You can get charged a large fine for speeding in a school zone. | |
| fingerprints noun | marks left by fingers that identify a person | We're going to have to check your personal belongings for fingerprints. | |
| firearms noun | weapons that shoot | It is illegal to carry unregistered firearms such as rifles and pistols. | |
| gang noun | a group of people often associated with crime and drugs | Stay away from this area at night as there is a lot of gang activity. | |
| guilty adjective | responsible for a crime, deserving of punishment | You will be considered innocent until you are proven guilty. | |
| handcuffs noun | metal rings that attach to wrists to keep criminals (or the accused)from escaping | We put your boyfriend in handcuffs, because we saw him climbing through your window and thought he was an intruder. | |
| innocent adjective | not responsible for the crime | We'll believe you are innocent when you show us your receipt for the items in the bag. | |
| intruder noun | a person who enters a home or business illegally | Someone called to report an intruder on the third floor. | |
| jail (prison) noun | a place where criminals are confined | The guards will be patrolling the prison all day long. | |
| misdemeanor noun | a minor crime (punishment is usually a fine or less than one year in jail) | Stealing a road sign is considered amisdemeanor,but is punishable by a large fine. | |
| noise complaint noun | a call to the police to complain of disturbing noise (usually music or a party) | Two of your neighbours have made a noise complaint tonight. | |
| partner noun | another officer that a policeman drives and works with | I'm going to get you to tell your story to mypartner. | |
| patrol (on patrol) verb | observe and protect an area | We always patrol the downtown core on the weekends. | |
| perpetrator noun | person who committed the crime | The perpetrator is still at large. | |
| pickpocket noun | a thief who steals from people's pockets in transit or in crowds | Beware of pickpockets on the subway. | |
| pistol noun | a hand held firearm | Our local cops carry pistols but rarely use them. | |
| pursuit noun | the act of searching for | We are in pursuit of a man in a green jacket and orange pants. | |
| radar noun/adjective | radio wave transmission that helps police track cars and map crime scenes | According to our radar you were driving well above the speed limit. | |
| robbery noun | theft; taking something that does not belong to you, often with force | We have twenty officers investigating the bankrobbery. | |
| speeding ticket noun | a fine given to a driver who gets caught driving beyond the speed limit | Your license shows a clean driving record except for one speeding ticket from five years ago. | |
| steal verb | to take something that does not belong to you | Do you know who stole your wallet? | |
| street crime noun | crime such as drugs and prostitution | Don't give the beggars any money. You will only be promoting street crime. | |
| thief noun | somebody who steals | We have found the thief who stole your car. | |
| walkie-talkie noun | hand held radio each partner carries | My partner told me your license plate over hiswalkie-talkie. | |
| wanted adjective | being searched for by police | A man from your hotel is wanted for his involvement in a murder. | |
| witness verb | to see something happen | Three people witnessed the murder but they are afraid to speak. | |
| young offender (juvenile delinquent) noun | a minor who commits a crime (usually under age of 18) | Your punishment will be less severe because you are a young offender. | |
| Word Part of speech | Meaning | Example Sentence | |
absent adj | not present | The vice president is absent due to unforeseen circumstances. | |
accomplish verb | succeed in doing | We have a lot to accomplish today, so let's begin. | |
address verb | deal with; speak on | I hope we do not have to address this matter again in the future. | |
adjourn verb | close a meeting | If there are no further comments, we will adjourn the meeting here. | |
agenda noun | list of objectives to cover in a meeting | Please forward the agenda to anyone who is speaking at the meeting. | |
AGM noun(abbr.) | Annual (yearly) General Meeting | We always vote for a new chairperson at the AGM. | |
allocate verb | assign roles/tasks to certain people | I forgot to allocate someone to bring refreshments. | |
| AOB noun(abbr.) | Any Other Business (unspecified item on agenda) | The last item on the agenda is AOB. | |
| apologies noun | item on agenda announcing people who are absent; apologies for absence | Everyone is present today, so we can skip the apologies. | |
ballot noun | a type of vote, usually in writing and usually secret | Please fold your ballot in half before you place it in the box. | |
| board of directors noun | group of elected members of an organization/company who meet to make decisions | The board of directors meets once a month to discuss the budget. | |
| boardroom noun | a large meeting room, often has one long table and many chairs | The boardroom is reserved for a managers' meeting, so we'll have to meet in the lounge. | |
| brainstorm verb | thinking to gather ideas | Let's take a few minutes andbrainstorm some ways that we can cut costs. | |
| casting vote noun | deciding vote (usually by the chairman) when the votes are otherwise equal | The role of treasurer was decided based on the chairman's casting vote. | |
| chairperson/chair noun | the person who leads or presides at a meeting | As chair, it is my pleasure to introduce to you, Mr. Allan Davis. | |
| clarification/ verification noun | explanation/proof that something is true/understood | Before we address this matter, I'll need some clarification as to who was involved. | |
| closing remarks noun | last thoughts spoken in a meeting (i.e. reminders, thank yous) | I just have a few closing remarks and then you will all be free to go. | |
| collaborate verb | work together as a pair/group | The board fell apart because the members had difficulty collaborating. | |
| commence verb | begin | We will commence as soon as the last person signs the attendance sheet. | |
| comment verb or noun | express one's opinions or thoughts | If you have a comment, please raise your hand rather than speak out. | |
| conference noun | formal meeting for discussion, esp. a regular one held by an organisation | Before the conference there will be a private meeting for board members only. | |
| conference call noun | telephone meeting between three or more people in different locations | Please make sure I have no interruptions while I'm on the conference call. | |
| confidential adjective | private; not to be shared | Any financial information shared during this meeting should be keptconfidential. | |
| consensus noun | general agreement | If we cannot come to a consensus by the end of the meeting we will put it to a vote. | |
| deadline noun | due date for completion | The deadline for buying tickets to the conference is May 25th. | |
| designate verb | assign | If no one volunteers to take the minutes I will be forced to designate someone. | |
| formality noun | a procedure (often unnecessary) that has to be followed due to a rule | Everyone knows who is going to be the next vice president, so this vote is really just a formality. | |
| grievance noun | complaint | The first item on the agenda relates to agrievance reported by the interns. | |
| guest speaker noun | person who joins the group in order to share information or deliver a speech | I am delighted to welcome our guest speaker Holly, who is going to be offering some sales pitch tips. | |
| implement verb | make something happen; follow through | It's not a question of whether or not we're going to use this idea, it's whether or not we know how to implement it. | |
| mandatory adjective | required | It is mandatory that all supervisors attend Friday's meeting. | |
| minutes noun | a written record of everything said at a meeting | Before we begin with today's meeting, let's quickly review the minutes from last month. | |
| motion noun | a suggestion put to a vote | The motion to extend store hours has been passed. | |
| objectives noun | goals to accomplish | I'm pleased that we were able to cover all of the objectives today within the designated time. | |
| opening remarks noun | chairperson or leader's first words at a meeting (i.e. welcome, introductions) | As I mentioned in my opening remarks, we have to clear this room before the end of the hour. | |
| overhead projector noun | machine with a special light that projects a document onto a screen or wall so that all can see | I'm going to put a pie chart on theoverhead projector so that everyone can visualize how our profits have declined. | |
| participant noun | person who attends and joins in on an event | Can I have a show of hands of all of those who were participants in last year's conference? | |
| proxy vote noun | a vote cast by one person for or in place of another | There must have been one proxy votebecause I count twelve ballots but only eleven attendees. | |
| punctual adjective | on time (not late) | Firstly, I want to thank you all for beingpunctual despite this early meeting. | |
| recommend verb | suggest | I recommend that you sit closer to the front if you have trouble hearing. | |
| show of hands noun | raised hands to express an opinion in a vote | From the show of hands it appears that everyone is in favour of taking a short break. | |
| strategy noun | plan to make something work | We need to come up with a strategythat will allow us to have meetings less frequently. | |
| unanimous adj | in complete agreement; united in opinion | The vote was unanimous to cut work hours on Fridays. | |
| vote verb or noun | to express (the expression of) an opinion in a group by voice or hand etc | We need to vote for a new vice chairperson now that Jerry is retiring. | |
| wrap up verb | finish | Let's wrap up here so that we can get back to our desks. | |
| Word Part of speech | Meaning | Example Sentence | |
| alternatives noun | other options | We can't offer you the raise you requested, but let's discuss some other alternatives. | |
| amplify verb | expand; give more information | Could you amplify on your proposal please. | |
| arbitration noun | conflict that is addressed by using a neutral third party | We're better to settle this between us, because a formal arbitration will cost both of us money. | |
| bargain verb | try to change a person's mind by using various tactics | We bargained on the last issue for over an hour before we agreed to take a break. | |
| bottom-line noun | the lowest one is willing to go | I'll accept a raise of one dollar per hour, but that's my bottom-line. | |
| collective adj | together | This is a collective concern, and it isn't fair to discuss it without Marie present. | |
| compensate verb | make up for a loss | If you are willing to work ten extra hours a week we will compensate you by paying you overtime. | |
| comply verb | agree | I'd be willing to comply if you can offer me my own private office. | |
| compromise verb | changing one's mind/terms slightly in order to find a resolution | We are willing to compromise on this issue because it means so much to you. | |
| concession noun | a thing that is granted or accepted | I think we can offer all of theseconcessions, but not all at once. | |
| conflict resolution noun | general term for negotiations | It is impossible to engage in conflict resolution when one of the parties refuses to listen. | |
| confront verb | present an issue to someone directly | I confronted my boss about being undervalued, and we're going to talk about things on Monday. | |
| consensus noun | agreement by all | It would be great if we could come to aconsensus by 5:00 P.M. | |
| cooperation noun | the working together | I have appreciated your cooperationthroughout these negotiations. | |
| counter proposal noun | the offer/request which is presented second in response to the first proposal | In their counter proposal they suggested that we keep their company name rather than creating a new one. | |
| counterattack verb/noun | present other side of an issue | Before we could start our counterattackthey suggested we sign a contract. | |
| counterpart noun | person on the other side of the negotiations | I tried to close the discussions at noon, but my counterpart would not stop talking. | |
| cordially verb/noun | politely | In the past I have had little respect for that client, but today she spoke cordially and listened to my point of view. | |
| demands adv | needs/expectations that one side believes it deserves | They had some last minute demands that were entirely unrealistic. | |
| deadlock noun | point where neither party will give in | When the discussions came to a deadlockwe wrote up a letter of intent to continue the negotiations next week. | |
| dispute noun | argument/conflict | I was hoping to avoid discussing last year'sdispute, but Monica is still holding a grudge. | |
| dominate verb | have the most control/stronger presence | Max has such a loud voice, he tends todominate the conversations. | |
| entitled adj | be deserving of | My contract says that I am entitled to full benefits after six months of employment. | |
| flexible adj | open/willing to change | We have always been flexible in terms of your working hours. | |
| haggling verb | arguing back and forth (often about prices) | We've been haggling over this issue for too long now. | |
| hostility noun | long-term anger towards another | I want you to know that we don't have anyhostility towards your company despite last year's mixup. | |
| high-ball verb | make a request that is much higher than you expect to receive | I'm planning to high-ball my expectations when I open the discussion. | |
| impulse noun | quick decision without thought or time | I acted on impulse when I signed that six-month contract. | |
| indecisive adj | has difficulty choosing/making a decision | They were so indecisive we finally asked them to take a break and come back next week. | |
| leverage noun | (bargaining power) something that gives one party a greater chance at succeeding over another | We have a little bit of leverage because we are the only stationary company in town. | |
| log-rolling verb | trading one favour for another | After a bit of log-rolling we came to an agreement that pleased both of us. | |
| low-ball verb | offer something much lower than you think the opponent will ask for | I was expecting my boss to low-ball in the initial offer, but he proposed a fair salary increase. | |
| mislead verb | convince by altering or not telling the whole truth about something | They misled us into thinking that everything could be resolved today. | |
| mutual adj | agreed by both or all | The decision to call off the merger wasmutual. | |
| objective noun | goal for the outcome | My prime objective is to have my family members added to my benefits plan. | |
| point of view noun | person's ideas/ thoughts | From my point of view it makes more sense to wait another six months. | |
| pressure verb | work hard to convince another of an idea | He pressured me to accept the terms by using intimidation tactics. | |
| proposal noun | argument to present | While I listened to their proposal I noted each of their objectives. | |
| receptive adj | open to/interested in an idea | His positive body language demonstrated that he was receptive to our suggestions. | |
| resentment noun | anger held onto from a previous conflict | Mary's resentment stems from our not choosing her to head the project. | |
| resistance noun | a display of opposition | We didn't expect so much resistance on the final issue. | |
| resolve verb | end conflict, come to an agreement | Before you can resolve your differences you'll both need to calm down. | |
| tactics noun | strategies used to get one's goals met | There are certain tactics that all skillful negotiators employ. | |
| tension noun | feeling of stress/anxiety caused by heavy conflict | There was a lot of tension in the room when George threatened to quit. | |
| trade-off noun | terms that are offered in return for something else | Lower payments over a longer period of time sounded like a fair trade-off until we asked about interest charges. | |
| ultimatum noun | a final term that has serious consequences if not met | His ultimatum was that if I didn't agree to give him the raise he asked for, he'd quit today without two week's notice. | |
| unrealistic adj | very unlikely to happen | It's unrealistic to think that we will have all of our demands met. | |
| victory noun | a win | We considered it a victory because they agreed to four of our five terms. | |
| yield verb | to give in to another's requests | The client will only yield to our conditions, if we agree to work over the holiday weekend. | |
| Word | Meaning |
| action code | a number cashiers type on the register to tell the computer to do something (#2A=void item) |
| adjustment | a change (usually related to price change) |
| age restricted items | products such as alcohol, tobacco, and restricted movies and videos which cannot be purchased by minors |
| aisles | long narrow areas that a room is divided into |
| associate | another employee who works with you |
| bag verb | to place purchased items in a bag for the customer |
| bank card | a card that allows customers to purchase an item using money from their bank account (also called debit card) |
| bar code | a series of lines that a computer reads to determine the product and price |
| bill | the total amount owed by the customer (also called receipt) |
| break | a short time for an employee to take a rest from work |
| bulk | items that are purchased in large amounts (also refers to items where customer collects the amount desired from a large bin) |
| cash | paper or coin money that the customer gives for payment |
| cash advance | money given to an employee or customer that he will have to pay back later |
| cash register | system used to key in purchases; also makes mathematical calculations and records payments |
| change | the money you give back to a customer |
| charge verb | to request a certain payment (They charge fifty dollars an hour.) |
| charge verb and noun | to pay (payment) with a credit card |
| checkout | the place where customers go to pay for purchases |
| clerk | person who serves customers; usually stands behind a desk |
| coins | small amounts of money; circular shape (also called change) |
| company procedures | the rules and practices outlined by the employer for the employees |
| competition | other businesses that offer similar products or services |
| counterfeit | money that looks real but is actually fake |
| coupon | a piece of paper that offers a set discount on a product or service |
| consumer | the person who buys and uses the products and services |
| coupon | a piece of paper that offers a set discount on a product or service |
| currency | type of money used in each country (eg. dollar, yen) |
| customer | the person who buys the product or service |
| customer service | fulfilling the needs of the people who buy products or services |
| damaged; defective | does not work or does not look new |
| deactivate | remove security device |
| debit | to take money out (also refers to paying with a bank card) |
| denomination | related to type of currency (eg. ones, tens, fifties ) |
| department store | a store that sells a wide variety of personal and household needs, such as groceries, furniture and clothing |
| discount | a price reduction |
| estimate | guess the right amount |
| float | the amount of money in a cash register or till before and after a person's shift |
| feed | to insert the end of a roll of paper into a slot |
| gift certificate; gift card | a pre-paid card that a customer uses to pay for purchases |
| gift receipt | a receipt that documents a purchase but does not include the price of the product |
| identification | photograph and official document that proves who a person is |
| initials | first letter of a person's first and last name |
| inquiry | a question |
| key in | to type a code into a cash register |
| (put on) layaway | to put a product away for a customer who will come back to purchase it at a later time |
| log | a record of sales information |
| manual | instruction booklet |
| merchandise | things that customers buy |
| multiple item | a product that a customer is buying more than one of (eg. five balls) |
| multitask | do many things at once |
| NOF | an error code that means a product price is not on file |
| on sale | costs less than usual |
| orientation | a time for learning about the company and job |
| peak time | the busy time of the day |
| perk | a little bonus that employees enjoy on top of their wage or salary (eg. restaurant employees get free lunch) |
| personal check | a written document that allows a business to retrieve funds from a customer's bank account |
| price override | change the automated price of a product or service |
| POS system | Point of Sale system (cash register) |
| price tag | the sticker or ticket that tells customers what a product costs |
| produce | fresh fruit and vegetables |
| promotion | a special discount or offer |
| prompt service | to help customers quickly |
| punch in/out | record the start and end time of your shift using a time clock system |
| rain check | a ticket given to a customer that allows them to receive an out-of-stock item or attend a cancelled event at a later date |
| receipt | a piece of paper that records the place, time, and price of items or services purchased |
| reduce(d) | price is less than usual |
| refund | get money back |
| register area | the place where a cashier stands and serves the customer |
| register tape | the paper that goes into the cash register and provides a printed record of all transactions |
| retailer | a store or business that sells products for the manufacturer |
| ring in | type the product code or service item into the POS |
| safe | a secure cabinet where a large amount of money is locked up; requires a code or key to open |
| sale | a price reduction |
| scan | pass a product over a laser (scanner reads the bar code and transfers the data (price, product name) to the POS system) |
| schedule | a table that identifies the weekly or monthly shifts for each employee |
| security device | a device attached to products that will set off an alarm if it is not removed by the cashier |
| serial number | a number system used to identify products and services |
| shelves | long rows of flat wood or metal used to hold products that are for sale in a store |
| shift report | a record of notes that must be handed in by a cashier at the end of a work shift |
| sign in/sign off | indicate that one is starting or finishing |
| supplies | things that are needed to do a job (eg. calculator, pens, paper) |
| supplier | the company or business that provides a retailer or wholesaler with products to sell |
| swipe | slide quickly across (eg. Swipe your credit card through the card reader, please.) |
| tally | add up |
| tax exempt | a special case in which the customer does not have to pay taxes |
| tender | money |
| terminal | a single computer or POS system |
| till | the drawer that holds money in a cash register |
| transaction | the sale and purchase of a product or service |
| UPC | Universal Product Code: a number the identifies the product and the retailer |
| void | cancel a transaction |
| wholesale | the sale of a large quantity of goods to a retail outlet |
| workstation | the area where a cashier works |
Most countries have laws (official rules set by the government). Together, these laws are called "the Law". When people disobey the Law, we say that they "break the law", and we call such people "law breakers" or "criminals". Breaking the law is a "crime".
| This criminal (noun) | does this... | The crime (noun) | The action (verb) |
|---|---|---|---|
| accomplice | helps another person to commit a crime | aiding and abetting | to aid and abet |
| arsonist | sets fire to other people's property illegally | arson | to commit arson |
| assassin | kills people for political reasons, or in return for payment | assassination | to assassinate |
| bigamist | marries more than one person at the same time | bigamy | to commit bigamy |
| burglar | breaks in to buildings to steal | burglary | to burgle |
| deserter | is a member of the armed forces who leaves without permission | desertion | to desert |
| drug dealer | buys and sells illegal drugs | drug dealing | to deal in drugs |
| forger | makes fake money or documents | forgery | to forge |
| gangster | is a member of a violent criminal gang (group) | gangsterism | - |
| hijacker | takes control of a vehicle (plane, ship etc) by force and diverts it | hijacking | to hijack |
| hooligan | is a violent young troublemaker | hooliganism | - |
| kidnapper | takes people away by force and demands money to free them | kidnapping | to kidnap |
| mugger | attacks and robs people in a public place | mugging | to mug |
| murderer | deliberately kills another person | murder | to murder |
| offender | is anybody who breaks the law | committing an offence | to offend |
| pickpocket | steals money etc from other people's pockets | pickpocketing | to pickpocket |
| robber | steals money etc, using force or the threat of force | robbery | to rob |
| shoplifter | steals goods from a shop while pretending to be a customer | shoplifting | to shoplift |
| smuggler | moves goods illegally into or out of a country without paying tax | smuggling | to smuggle |
| spy | secretly gets information about another country | spying | to spy |
| industrial spy | secretly gets information about a company | industrial spying | to spy |
| stowaway | hides on a plane or ship to travel secretly and free | stowing away | to stow away |
| terrorist | uses violence for political reasons | terrorism | to commit terrorism |
| thief | steals property from other people (without using violence) | theft | to thieve |
| traitor | betrays his country to another country | treachery | to betray |
| vandal | deliberately destroys or damages public property | vandalism | to vandalize |
| Word part of speech | Meaning | Example sentence | |
| adjoining rooms noun | two hotel rooms with a door in the centre | If you want we can book your parents in an adjoining room. | |
| amenities noun | local facilities such as stores and restaurants | We are located downtown, so we are close to all of the amenities. | |
| attractions noun | things for tourists to see and do | The zoo is our city's most popularattraction for kids. | |
| baggage noun | bags and suitcases packed with personal belongings | If you need help with your baggage we have a cart you can use. | |
| Bed and Breakfast noun | a home that offers a place to stay and a place to eat | I can book you into a beautiful Bed and Breakfast on the lake. | |
| bellboy noun | a staff member who helps guests with their luggage | The bellboy will take your bags to your room for you. | |
| book verb | arrange to stay in a hotel | I can book your family in for the weekend of the seventh. | |
| booked adj | full, no vacancies | I'm afraid the hotel is booked tonight. | |
| brochures noun | small booklets that provide information on the local sites and attractions | Feel free to take some brochures to your room to look at. | |
| check-in verb | go to the front desk to receive keys | You can check-in anytime after four o'clock. | |
| check-out noun | return the keys and pay for the bill | Please return your parking pass when youcheck-out. | |
| complimentary breakfast noun | free of charge | All of our rooms have complimentarysoap, shampoo, and coffee. | |
| cot, rollaway bed noun | a single bed on wheels that folds up | If you need an extra bed, we have cotsavailable. | |
| damage charge noun | money a guest owes for repairs to hotel property (when caused by violent or careless acts) | We will have to add a damage charge for the hole you put in the wall. | |
| deposit noun | amount paid ahead of time to secure a reservation | You will not receive your deposit back if you cancel. | |
| double bed noun | a bed large enough for two people | They are a family of four, so give them a room with two double beds. | |
| floor noun | a level of the building | The swimming pool is on the main floor. | |
| front desk, reception noun | the place where guests go to check in and out and to get information | Towels are available at the front desk. | |
| guest noun | a person that is staying at the hotel | Our washrooms are for guests only. | |
| hostel noun | a very inexpensive place for backbackers and travelers on a budget | In the hostel you probably won't get your own room. | |
| hotel manager noun | person in charge at the hotel | I'll let you make your complaint to thehotel manager. | |
| housekeeping, maid noun | staff members that clean the rooms and linen | Put a sign on the door if you wanthousekeeping to come in and change the sheets on the bed. | |
| ice machine noun | a machine that automatically makes ice that guests can use to keep drinks cold | There is an ice machine by the elevator on all of the even numbered floors. | |
| indoor pool noun | place for guests to swim inside the hotel | The heated indoor pool is open until 10 pm. | |
| inn noun | another word for "hotel" | There's an inn on the other side of town that has a vacancy. | |
| Jacuzzi, hot tub, whirl pool noun | a small hot pool for relaxation | Our honeymoon room has a personal hot tub. | |
| king-size bed noun | extra large bed | A room with a king size bed costs an extra ten dollars a night. | |
| kitchenette noun | a small fridge and cooking area | Your room has a kitchenette so you can prepare your own breakfasts and lunches. | |
| late charge noun | a fee for staying past the check-out time | You will be charged a ten dollar late charge for checking out after 11 am. | |
| linen noun | sheets, blankets, pillow cases | We will come in and change the linenswhile you are out of your room. | |
| lobby noun | large open area at the front of the hotel | You can stand in the lobby and wait for your bus. | |
| luggage cart noun | a device on wheels that guests can push their luggage on | Please return the luggage cart to the lobby when you are finshed with it. | |
| maximum capacity noun | the most amount of people allowed | The maximum capacity in the hot tub is ten people. | |
| motels noun | accommodations that are slightly cheaper than hotels | Our motel is very clean and is close to the beach. | |
| noisy adj | loud | The guests next to you have complained that you are being too noisy. | |
| parking pass noun | a piece of paper that guests display in the car window while in the hotel parking lot | Display this parking pass in your window to show that you are a hotel guest. | |
| pay-per-view movie noun | extra charge for movies and special television features | If you order a pay-per-view movie, the charge will appear on your bill. | |
| pillow case noun | the covering that goes over a pillow | Room 201 doesn't need their sheets changed, but they requested one newpillow case. | |
| queen size bed noun | bed with plenty of space for two people (bigger than a double) | They have a queen size bed so the small child can eaily fit in the middle. | |
| rate noun | cost of renting a room for a certain time period | Our rates change depending on the season. | |
| reservation noun | a request to save a specific room for a future date | They say they made a reservation but it doesn't show on the computer. | |
| room service noun | delivery of food or other services requested by guests | If you would like a bottle of wine, just callroom service. | |
| sauna noun | a hot room for relaxation, filled with steam | We don't recommend bringing young children into the sauna. | |
| single bed noun | a bed for one person | The economy priced room includes onesingle bed. | |
| sofa bed, pull-out couch noun | a bed built into a sofa or couch | The room contains a sofa bed so the room actually sleeps five. | |
| towels noun | used to cover and dry the body after swimming or bathing | You can get your swimming pool towelsat the front desk. | |
| vacancy noun vacant adj | available rooms | We only have one vacancy left, and it is for a single room. | |
| valet noun | staff that parks the guests' vehicles | If you leave your car keys with us, thevalet will park your car underground. | |
| vending machine noun | a machine that distributes snacks and beverages when you insert coins | The vending machine on the fifth floor has chocolate bars and chips. | |
| view noun | a window that offers a nice image for guests | The room is more expensive because it has a spectacular view of the beach. | |
| wake up call noun | a morning phone call from the front desk, acts as an alarm clock | What time would you like your wake up call? | |
| weight room, workout room, gym noun | a room that guests can use for exercise and fitness | Our weight room has a stair climber and a stationary bicycle. | |
Vocabulary
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Pollution Pre-reading Vocabulary
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